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Dominos ' mutton gonghura pizza' looked interesting on the ' Pizza in Indian life ' thread, so I googled for mutton gongura and come up with some recipes. They all call for gonghura leaves which I know nothing about. Can the pundits enlighten me please? What are these, what kind of a taste or texture do they add to a dish and where can one find them ? Thanks all

hi all: i want to make those crispy sweetish dark colored fried onion paper thin slices that garnish pulaos etc. please tell me how? also any variety of onion better for this purpose and any variety to avoid? (in US markets)? tia milagai

Using the incredible power vested in me as official forum host of the Coffee & tea forum ( which is inconsequential at best ), I'm humbly asking for some input on a South Indian Filter Coffee thread that I just started. One of our newer members, geetha, recently posted and also exchanged a few PM's with me about sources for good Indian coffee in the US. This piqued my curiosity but I still have many questions as I'm always intrigued by preparation methods and coffee traditions that are new to me. Will appreciate any help you India experts may be able to offer on that thread. Thanks!

A recent question posted here by Geetha about Indian coffee has left me very curious. It appears that although much of India is traditionally a tea drinking culture, there is a strong tradition of coffee drinking in Southern India. Thus far I've found only this information about the brewing device Indian Coffee Filter The description indicates that the "davras" is a two part stainless steel assembly with a mushroom shaped filter in the upper portion. The lower portion is used to collect the brewed coffee. It's unclear to me whether the entire davras sits on a heat source and pushes boiling water up and then down through the filter (as with moka coffee or American stove top and electric percolators) or whether it's simply some sort of drip device. Can any of you shed light on this? I also found reference to the desired coffee types as "Arabica from the Chikmanglur and Nilgiris mountain ranges and Robusta grown in the lower, more humid areas of Malabar, Salem, Coorg, etc.". India is known for growing some of the world's best Robusta coffee but very little of it makes it to the US market. Suggestions (these came from a variety of sources) also include roasting to a fairly dark level, even with the Robusta beans (which are not typically roasted extremely dark as it increases their bitterness). Here in the US I can obtain Kappie Royale Robusta, Coelho's Gold Monsooned Malabar AA, Pearl Mountain Peaberry, Mysore "Nuggets" and perhaps one or two other varieties. Is South Indian style coffee best made from a blend, as is often the case with espresso coffee, or do people typically make it from a coffee of a single varietal origin? To add to the confusion.... some people recommend that for those in the US market wishing to duplicate the characteristics of South Indian drip coffee, it is advised to used roasted chicory mixed with the coffee in a ratio of 30% chicory to 70% coffee. Apparently the chicory-coffee blend has been popular in South India for quiet some time but many discerning Indian coffee drinkers are now advising to just use 100% coffee with no chicory. India produces some very high quality coffee and I can see the wisdom of dispensing with the chicory. Finally... there is the question of the milk. Is it scalded on the stovetop by boiling or is simply heating it to the simmering point sufficient? I have seen reference to a technique whereby one pours the "decoction" (the concentrated brewed coffee that has collected in the bottom of the davras after dripping through) into a cup or glass and then adding the heated milk with sugar. the mixture is then poured back and forth between two glasses until a certain frothiness is achieved. Is this procedure typical and does it impart a better mouthfeel quality to the milk by introducing air or in your opinion is it really just for show? (not that there's anything wrong with that).

The BF received a bag of these green vegetables from one of his customers, a woman from India who grows them in her backyard. He said she told him they were good for diabetes, and they should be cooked with tomatoes. Does anyone have more instructions on how to cook these? Thanks for your help!

growing up, chicken curry was always a whole chicken cut up in parts. Now, some serve it boneless, others want only white meat and some( like me) prefer legs and thighs. I was reading this article which piqued my curosity. What do you prefer? article

Hi Kathy, I haven't tried any of these myself, but thought you might want to have a look: Coconut Chocolate Rolls Chocolate Burfee Chocolate Samosa. //Scroll down to page 10 When you said molé, it occured to me that perhaps you could add some dark chocolate to rajma - not sure if it'll work though. Episure, any thoughts? Let me know how it goes. Suman

In the glossary of Indian Essence, Atul Kochhar writes: In her Encyclopedia of Asian Food, Charmaine Solomon writes: The kalonji entry in Ms. Solomon's encyclopedia says "See NIGELLA." There is no onion seed entry. Yet most Montreal spice mongers, including the East Indians, sell packages labelled "Kalonji (onion seed)." Come to think of it, I don't recall ever seeing nigella labelled as such. Based on Ms. Salomon's description and illustration, I'd guess my bag of "kalonji (onion seed)" is nigella, though Mr. Kochhar's second sentence sows the, er, seeds of doubt. Is there any way I can tell without paying Monica's round-trip passage from DC? Are onion seeds even used in Indian cooking? If so, when? (I'm pretty sure I've seen them called for in recipes, but perhaps the authors meant nigella?) And if onion seeds aren't called kalonji or nigella, what are they called?

In his book Prasad, Kalra gives recipes for murgh ki burfi and a sweet lamb rice (made with a sugar syrup) both of which are meant to be eaten like sweets.Ugh... I shudder at the mere thought. I've also heard of 'delicacies' such as cabbage ki kheer and pyaz ki kheer. Has anyone tried any of these and lived to tell the tale? Just curious - wonder what they taste like. Suman

My favorite restaurant had a beef keema dish (keema matar) on the buffet the other day. Man was it good. I am 99% percent certain it contained annatto. Is annatto a common ingredient in keema?

The supermarket that I frequently shop at just keeps getting better and better. Adjacent to the newly added Japanese corner, the Indian section is bursting with many products that are new to me. Such as these beverages: I'll be stopping by later after work today, and I'm leaning towards the Badam and Kala Khatta. Please tell me more about these and other brands. Do you like them? What other Indian thirst quenchers are popular?

Thanks so much for participating in this Q&A. I understand that you have travelled to India. Can you tell us a bit about your trip? Where was your most memorable meal? Also the India forum on eGullet, which I host, has had many discussions around the coming of age of Indian cuisine in the US. The consensus - we are still unsure if Indian cuisine has become as popular as say Chinese. Your thoughts? Thanks once again. Best wishes Monica Bhide

After many experiments with unsuccessful ingredients and different varieties of socalled Rasamali Im asking someone to please tingle back to life wth may be a hint or two if you have one in your chest.. please I need to do it once atleast in my life time. I'd rather not foray one of the chefs of those best restaurants as it would be mean to them anyone else is welcome to pipe in thanks for all your efforts it will be appreciated in this family years from now too truly Yes it will be remembered I trust if my geans get passed on and even if it my husbands he loves food(food lovers are different breeed that it a entirely different thread I guess)

Hi: I have some tindoray and karela at home, does anyone have a simple/easy/fast recipe for making these two veggies. Non-curry recipes would be fine. Edward: You made tindoray gujarati style right? Lemme know. Rupen

Well i've been craving a food that harkens back to my toddlerhood in South India - Sangati and Drumstick Sambar. does anybody have any ideas on ingredients and how to make this? This is something my mother never made, but that my grandmother's cook used to make, i guess because ti didn't involve a whole lot of chewing and i had very few teeth in my head at the time...or soemthing. i believe i can get drumsticks at my local farmer's market, so i've at least got that ingredient.

Hi there - this is something that is ubiquitous on Indian menus here in Atlanta, but i'm not entirely sure what it's suppsoed to be. in some places it appears to be tired bits of tandoori chicken in a red sauce, other places it's a divinely buttery chicken curry with a tomato base, and a recipe i ran across yields a golden yellow chicken curry. any ideas?

I have not really every had this curry in any home I have visited over the years. Today, some friends told me that it is a dish many restaurants do prepare. Do you know of any that have this dish on their menus? Have you ever eaten a Mango Chicken Curry? What was it like? Where did you eat it? Did it leave a lasting impression? Was it made with the sweet chutney, Fresh savory Indian style teekhe aam ke chutney (spicy sour chutney), Green mango chutney? Or was it something very different??? I am so very curious to know any and all things about this dish. I have no clue what it is... I have never seen it on a menu.. and I have never ever even seen it served.

Having just moved over from the UK were the are four of five Indian Restaurants in every town, I am amazed by how few there are in NY state. Manhattan has a fair few but outside this there seem to be be very few. Is this the case or am I looking in the wrong places. My love of spicy food is massive so if anyone could reccomend any other types of food that they reckon NY does well ( preferably ones that serve beer or wine) I'd be really interested

Having come over from the UK where Indian Restaurants go hand in hand with having a beer or other drink. I amazed at how few Indian restaurants there are in NJ that serve alcohol or wine. Fair enough a few operate the BYO system. But is it so difficult to get a liquor license in NJ??? All comments welcome

If you were preparing dinner for a very special occasion in your home this summer, what would be your list of desserts to choose from? Recipes, ideas, thoughts and anything that can help us learn from each other are welcome.

Monica's article on India's white revolution makes me think about another little commented on aspect of it: much of the milk that goes into it comes from water buffalos as well as cows (I don't know the proportions, but I could try finding out). I think that has a definite impact on many Indian dairy products, but I don't know enough about the subject to comment on exactly how - can anyone explain? The even less noted aspect though is that a lot of water buffalos (I'm going to drop the 'water' from now on) must mean a lot of buffalo meat. But you will never find buffalo meat being sold as such. Indian cooks, perhaps correctly, feel that people won't want to eat buffalo meat, so most of what goes as 'beef' in India is really buffalo meat. Just like 'lamb' or 'mutton' is often goat. Vir Sanghvi, the editor of the daily The Hindustan Times, who writes a most excellent food column under the pen name Grand Fromage, noted that in Nepal you can find buffalo billed honestly, if a rather peculiarly, as 'buff steak' but you will never find anything like this in India. What is really strange about this culinary deception is that there are considerable and real penalties attached to it - not for the deception, but for consuming beef. Barring a few states like Kerala, West Bengal and some of the Northeastern ones, the Hindu religious lobby has ensured that killing a cow is a crime in most of the country. (For those unfamiliar with Hinduism the cow is considered very sacred for various reasons I don't want to get into because the chances of my saying something contentious are quite high [And I'm a Hindu myself]. All I'll say is that if you want an interesting take on it, read the anthropologist Marvin Harris' famous essay on the subject). The growth in power of Hindu fundamentalists means that cow killing has become an increasingly emotive issue. There is a very strong move now to make killing cows illegal across the whole country. (Apart from trampling on the rights of beef eaters, this will mean millions of starving decrepit cows, but that for some reason if OK, as long as they aren't killed). There have been several horrific cases recently of people being killed on suspicion of killing cows. And yet a lot of meat is sold and eaten, whether its from buffalos or cows. In my own city of Bombay not far from where I'm typing this I can go and find a number of places serving excellent - and another irony - very cheap beef. 'Mutton' is expensive, presumably because its legal, but beef is cheap which is another reason why its popular. Mmmmm, maybe this might be my dinner solution. Beef kebabs at Baghdadi in Colaba maybe, or beef khichada, a wonderful creamy stew of meat cooked with wheat and pulses, in the lanes of Minara Masjid. You have to know what to ask though - people are wary on the beef issue now. Only in the hearts of Muslim or Christian neighbourhoods will you find beef being openly sold. In the roadside places serving beef you might be asked "bade ka ya chote ka?" ("the big one or the small one?" where big is obviously beef and small is mutton). In butcher's shops you ask for 'undercut' or specify beef sotto voce. And if you ask an expensive restaurant where they got their steaks from they'll say it came from outside the state, since its illegal to kill cows in the state, but not (yet) to eat them. This isn't quite true, of course. Some really expensive restaurants do import genuine beef from abroad and some people are presumably shipping dead cows into the city (But from Kerala or W.Bengal, neither of which are near?). The bulk of course comes from illegal abbatoirs in the city and you can just imagine the workpractices there, since its all illegal anyway. And yet, despite all these problems, restaurateurs and butchers still shy away from saying that they are serving - quite legal - buffalo! I suppose it the unprepossesing muddy black look of the animal, though I rather like their cud chewing placidity as they stand in the middle of roads defying all attempts to move them - 'India's natural speedbreakers' as exasperated drivers call them. Cows can be skittish and will move with a honk, but buffalos will stand there till kingdom, or the kid in nominal charge of them, comes. Anyway, this mail did have a query, before I got carried away, which is this: when it comes to cooking the animals, how much does buffalo meat differ from beef? I find the meat I get at the butchers pretty tough and I usually have to pressure cook it which is fine for curries, but I guess means no steaks. I'm told restaurants tenderize like crazy. But is buffalo meat really tougher than beef, or is it more a reflection on the way both cows and buffalos are raised in India? Can it be used in almost exactly the same way as beef or should adjustments be made? And finally, are there other cultures less snobbish about water buffalo meat that have recipes specifically for it? I think I've read in Davidson about it being popular in parts of Southeast (but is it labelled as such, or is 'beef' again used?) What about Italy? What happens to all those mozzarella producers once they're past their producing days? And can anyone give me Italian buffalo recipes? It'll make a nice change the next time I get some 'undercut' from my butcher. Vikram

Post your questions here -->> Q&A A Sampling of South Indian Breads Authors: Monica Bhide and Chef K.N. Vinod Introduction Kerala, situated in the southern part of India, is one of the most blessed places in the world. It is a gorgeous state boasting luscious green landscapes, magnificent waterscapes, and a cuisine to match. It also boasts a unique and healthy cuisine that has benefited greatly from the influx of settlers and traders throughout the history of India. Kerala hosts Hindus, Christians and Muslims and reflects Portuguese, Chinese, Dutch, French, Arabic and of course the British influence in its cuisine and culture. Chef Vinod, his charming mother, Pushpavathy, and I would like to present to you some of the unique breads from Kerala. We have borrowed a few from the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu as well ( the Dosas and the Idlies) to give you a birds-eye-view of the breads of South India. Most Westerners are more familiar with the standard North Indian breads that are available here in most restaurants, the Naan, the Tandoori Roti etc. We would like to introduce you to an entirely different concept of bread. Perfectly steamed breads made with rice flour and coconut. Some sweetened with jaggery (cane sugar), some drunk with pickles, others alive with peppers. Come join us on this wonderful journey into a world that will entice you. This is a mere sampling to whet your palate. You will notice that some of the preparations require special utensils. We have tried to show you the authentic way in which these dishes are prepared (at the Chef’s home in DC). Where possible we have indicated alternate utensils for the home cook. Many of the utensils, ingredients etc. can be purchased from www.namaste.com (Unfortunately, they do not ship outside of the United States). Banana leaves are readily available at most Korean or other ethnic food stores. A tip: Be sure to read the recipe completely before you begin. Please note that these are the Chef’s rendition of these recipes. There are always regional quirks and variations. Chef Vinod and his mother Pushpavathy. Cracking the Coconut We wanted to start with the basics! This will show you how to crack a coconut. Step 1: You can see that the Chef is holding the coconut and breaking it with large sickle-like knife. I would suggest you take it outside and bang it once or twice on hard cement!! Step 2: Here you can see the cracked coconut. (If you like, drink the water, which is unbelievably sweet. It's even better if you have green, young, tender coconuts). The water of this mature coconut may not be that sweet. Step 3: Here are two very traditional methods of grating the coconut. In the first method, Pushpavathy is sitting on the floor with a floor-based grater and in the second one, we have the grater fixed to the side of a table. Step 4: Being ever practical (remember – “What would your mom say”) I suggest you can also buy a bag of grated coconut, now so easily available! Puttu: Rice flour moistened and mixed with grated coconut and steamed. Ingredients • 1 cup rice flour • ½ cup grated coconut • 1 teaspoon cumin • ½ cup water • Salt to taste Method Mix all the ingredients and set aside. This recipe uses a pressure cooker and a very special cylinder called a Puttu Kutti (some people use bamboo). We will show two different ways to prepare this dish – one using the cylinder (hollow at one end, small hole at the other), one using a coconut shell. You can also create your own contraption to prepare this dish (see method 3 below). Method 1 Add about 8 cups of water to your pressure cooker. Cover and allow the pressure to build. In the meantime, using a spoon, fill the cylinder with mixture. Be sure to pack it tight Place the cylinder on the steam nozzle of the pressure cooker. Cover. Steam for about 3 -4 minutes. Remove the cylinder from the heat. Use a spatula to push out the steamed rice flour cake onto a plate. Repeat process until all the dry mixture has been used up. Serve hot. Method 2 Here we used a coconut shell to prepare the Puttu. Drill a small hole in the bottom of one of the coconut shell halves. Fill the half shell (with the hole), with the mixture. Place the shell on the steam nozzle of the pressure cooker. Cover with the other coconut shell. Steam for about 3 -4 minutes. Remove from the heat. Use a spatula to push out the steamed rice flour cake onto a plate. Repeat process until all the dry mixture has been used up. Serve hot. Method 3 Heat water to a rolling boil in a deep dutch oven or a deep pan. Place a hollowed cylinder in the center (hollowed at both ends). Place the coconut shell (with mixture as described in method 2) on the cylinder and follow directions in method 2. This dish is best served hot. It is traditionally served with bananas, Indian wafer (papadams) and black chickpeas. (We ate it with North Indian style with chick peas). Pushpavathy indicated that in some places in South India, it is also eaten with plain sugar. Puttu Served with plantain and channas Ada: Steamed and stuffed rice flour bread Ingredients • 4 cardamom seeds • 2 small lumps of jaggery • 7 tablespoons grated coconut • ¾ cup hot water • 2 cups of rice flour • A pinch of salt Method Roughly pound the cardamom seeds. If you use a mortar and pestle to pound the seeds, remove the skins after pounding. Alternatively you can use a spice mill, in which case you would leave the skins on. Using a grater, grate the jaggery. Add the powdered cardamom to the jaggery and set aside. In a bowl, mix the water, rice flour and salt. Knead into a loose dough. Divide the dough into seven equal parts. Heat a skillet or griddle or a hot plate on high heat. While the skillet is heating, prepare the bread. Place a banana leaf on the counter top. With moistened hands, place one dough ball on the leaf. Gently begin to press the dough out. Keep pressing and stretching until the dough is about 8 inches in diameter. Now we will add the stuffing. Stuffing 1: Using a spoon, spread about 1 tablespoon of coconut on flattened dough. Stuffing 2: In a small bowl, mix a tablespoon of coconut with a tablespoon of the jaggery mixture. Spread on the flattened dough. Fold the banana leaf into half, press down gently. (If the leaf is too large, trim the edges.) Repeat for all the dough balls. Place the folded banana leaf on a skillet. Brown for 3 minutes on each side (it might be a bit longer depending on how high your heat is). Cover and steam for about 7 – 8 minutes. Serve hot. The perfectly melted and caramelized jaggery oozes sinfulness from the bread. Another version of this dish is called the Kozhi Katta – here the dough is tighter and is stuffed with jaggery and steamed. Pathiri A divine and delicate bread made by the Muslim community (also known as the Moplahs of Kerala). This is the Chef’s own rendition of this South Indian classic. Prepare the dough as you would for Ada. (Some people use coconut milk instead of water to prepare this dough.) A touch of cumin seeds may be added for taste. It is prepared in a similar method as the Ada. The difference is that the dough is flattened out much thinner to obtain the “flat bread” appearance. Serve hot. Dosa One of the most famous South Indian breads. A perfect crisp crepe-like bread prepared with rice and dal (lentil). These days, you can buy packaged mixes from your local Indian grocer. They save the soaking and fermenting time. (you can also purchase these online at www.namaste.com.) Ingredients • 4 cups long grain rice • 1 cup white urad dal ( also called Dhuli Urad) • ¾ cups water (approximately) • Salt to taste • 2 -3 tablespoons vegetable oil Method Soak the dal in water for at least 3 -4 hours. Drain and set aside. Soak the rice in water for at least 4 – 6 hours. Drain and set aside. Put the the dal and a few tablespoons of water into a blender. Blend to a smooth consistency. The trick here is to try to do with it as little water as possible. Remove from blender and place in a bowl. Now add the rice and salt to the blender, again with ½ cup of water. Blend to a paste – this will not be as smooth as the dal paste. Add more water if needed. Add the rice batter to the dal batter and mix well. Your batter should have the consistency of thick pancake batter. Leave the batter to ferment overnight. This needs a warm environment. I generally warm the oven. Turn it off and then place the batter in it to ferment. An oven with a pilot light works well as well. Now we are ready to make the dosas. Heat a non-stick skillet. Using a paper napkin, dipped in a bit of oil, wipe the skillet. Using a small glass bowl or a metal bowl (anything with a flat base), pour a ¼ cup of batter onto the skillet. Using the bowl, make concentric circles to spread out the dosa. Sprinkle a few drops of oil to prevent the dosa from sticking. You will begin to see small bubbles forming and the dosa will begin to crisp. Using your spatula, carefully roll the dosa off the skillet. Serve hot. There are many ways to stuff the dosas. You can also eat them plain with your choice of chutneys. See the Indian Forum for some lively discussions on Dosa and some noteworthy chutney recipes. Uttapam: A savory pancake topped with chopped bell peppers, onions and cilantro. Serve with your choice of chutney. Ingredients • Leftover Dosa batter • 1/4 cup, each, chopped bell peppers, onions and cilantro leaves Heat a non-stick skillet on medium heat. Pour a ¼ cup of batter onto the skillet. (If you have a large skillet you can make more than one at a time). Add a generous helping of the mixed peppers. Cook for about 2 minutes. Flip over and cook for another 4 -5 minutes. Serve hot. Appam Madhur Jaffrey once described Appam as a marriage between a French crepe and an English muffin. This classically Keralite dish consists of rice batter mixed with coconut and fried like a pancake in a wok called cheena chatti (This wok gets its name from the fact that it was historically a Chinese utensil. This shows the influence of the Chinese on this cuisine). Ingredients • 1 cup rice • ½ cup water • ½ cup coconut milk • Salt to taste • 2 tsp.sugar • Pinch of baking soda Soak the rice overnight. Drain. In a blender, blend the rice with 1/2 cup of water and half cup of coconut milk. Place the batter in a bowl. Take about 3 tablespoons of the batter and place it in a small non-stick pan. Bring it to a boil. Remove from heat and add it back to the main batter. Mix well. Leave to ferment overnight (see directions under Dosa for fermentation environments). Add salt, sugar and baking soda to the batter. Mix well. Adjust the consistency if necessary with water (Pancake batter consistency). Heat a small (about an 8 inch) skillet. Add about a ¼ cup of the batter. Swirl the pan so that batter sticks to the sides. It will remain a bit thick at the center (think – French crepe on the sides, English muffin at the center). Cover and steam for about 2 -3 minutes. Once the appam is cooked, the sides appear lacey and the center is spongy. Remove gently from the skillet. Serve hot. Appams are traditionally served with mutton or chicken stew. Idlies These are another famous South Indian treat. These steamed rice cakes have found a happy home in almost every South Indian restaurant abroad. They are served with chutneys and the tantalizing Indian lentil based Sambhar. Many people swear the best way to eat them is warm, drizzled with hot clarified butter (Ghee). Ingredients • 2 cups rice • ¾ cups white Urad Dal • Salt – to taste • For stuffing – Your favorite Indian Pickle *(optional) • cooking spray Method Please note that this dish needs the Idli steamers. You can purchase these at your local Indian grocer or at www.namaste.com. Alternatively you can steam these in small bowls placed in steam baths. These can also be microwaved (a few tablespoons in a glass bowl, and about 4 minutes in the microwave) – although this does alter the taste. They are best steamed. Soak the rice and dal together for 4 – 5 hours. Drain. In a blender, blend the dal and rice separately with a few tablespoons of water to a pancake-like consistency. The Dal should be ground very smooth to make the idli light and fluffy. Mix the ground dal and rice together and let it sit to ferment overnight. Add salt to taste and mix well. Using a cooking spray such as Pam, grease the Idli steamers. Now heat water in a deep pan (the pan needs to be deep enough to hold the steamers and it needs a lid). Place a few tablespoons of batter in each holder If you are going to prepare stuffed Idlies, pour in about a tablespoon of the batter and add half teaspoon of the pickle and then top it off with more Idli batter. (You can use any thick chutney like Mint, Coriander, Tomato or anything of your choice.) Place the steamer inside the deep pan. Cover and steam for about 7 – 8 minutes. Idlies are done (like cakes) when they pass the toothpick test. Uncover. Sprinkle a few drops of water on the idlies. Remove with a sharp knife. Serve hot. Post your questions here -->> Q&A

Post questions for A Sampling of South Indian Breads here.

In the midst of the muggy New York summers, I always enjoy a refreshing beverage, whether it's alcoholic or not. What unique drinks would you serve as an afternoon refreshment, at a party, before dinner, after dinner? Recipes, new ideas? Are there beverages that are distinct to certain regions of India?

I have too much sitting in my veggie drawer from my CSA deliveries. Any tasty Indian-inspired recipes I can use the squash in?