liuzhou

I'm sorry, but it is well-documented. Physician and naturalist, Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt, 1598–1631) is recorded as writing it in the last year of his life wen he erroneously stated that the name was from Chile in S. America ‘quasi dicas piper a Chile’. Chili or chilli comes from the native Nahuatl language and was first translitered as chīlli. The Spanish later dropped the double 'l'. English retained it.

Chinese food uses a lot of vegetabes but almost always with meat included, too. Vegetables are stir-fried, often in lard (pig fat). I realise you are not necessarily looking for vegetarian food, though. However you might want to read this article first for background. As to cookbooks as mentioned by @Katie Meadow, I recommend you have a look at Every Grain of Rice: Simple Chinese Home Cooking (eG-friendly Amazon.com link) by Fuchsia Dunlop. This covers simple family cooking as actually found in China. My neighbours would recognise every dish. I agree with Katie that a good wok, preferably carbon steel (and definitely not non-stick), is the way to go. If you have a Chinatown or Chinese market nearby, they are usually the best place to buy them. Don't worry so much about high heat - Chinese home cooks manage well with normal domestic stove tops. Good luck! If you have any more questions, feel free to ask.

Billy Connolly did a hilarious rant about being in Ireland and seeing Potatoes of the Night on a menu. It's probably on YouTube, but I can't access it at the moment.

and which does he think those are?

”Asian cuisine“ is kind of meaningless. Indian, Russian, Mongolian, Thai, Vietnamese ... . Asia has 48 countries and even more cuisines. Some are vegetable oriented; others are very meat-centric. Which ones are you hoping to emulate?

It looks like 青椒肉片 (qīng jiāo ròu piàn), pork with green chillies, but without tasting it, or a description of the flavours, I can't be sure. Are you sure it's chicken? It doesn't look like chicken. Why do you think the meat isn't fried? It looks fried to me. Most dishes like this are fried. If it has jalapeño peppers, it's probably American-Chinese. Jalapeño peppers are very rarely found in China. Three pepper chicken only has two chilli peppers in it. The third is Sichuan peppercorns, which aren't true peppers. Can you ask somone in the store what it is in English? Or ask them to write it down in Chinese and then show me. This here is 青椒肉片. Looks similar to your dish but without the onions in this one, although it can.

Since I sent a good part of yesterday thinking and writing about Inner Mongolian food for this, I developed a craving. So I ordered this from the local Mongolian roast restaurant for part of dinner. 羊肉风味小肉串 (yáng ròu fēng wèi xiǎo ròu chuàn), Lamb skewers. 山东杂良面饼 (shān dōng zá liáng miàn bǐng), Shandong rough grain wheat pancakes. The lamb is heavily spiced and tender. The pancakes are paper thin and bland. but make a good contrast to the lamb. I'd say more flatbread than pancake, but that's how they describe it. Rest of dinner was a cheese platter with crackers and fruit.

冀菜 (jì cài), Hebei (河北) Cuisine Hebei is south-east of Inner Mongolia, located on the Bohai Gulf of the Yellow Sea. Besides that, it is bordered by Liaoning to the north-east, Shandong to the south-east, Henan to the south, and Shanxi to the west. Hebei means ‘North of the River’, that being the Yellow river. The province almost surrounds the adjacent municipalities, Beijing and Tianjin only being interrupted by the latter being on the coast. That said, Tianjin was the capital of Hebei until being elevated to municipality status in 1911, so Hebei did surround Beijing until then. After bouncing around for a bit, the capital was finally settled in Shijiazhuang. Its location means that it is heavily influenced by Beijing and the cuisine there, to the extent that they might taken to be the same, but that wouldn't be entirely true. Hebei does have some interesting foods of its own. Nevertheless, this will be a shorter read than usual. For many people, especially visitors, its most fascinating culinary attraction is that the people have a penchant for donkey meat. Every foreign visitor goes straight for the 驴肉火烧 (lǘ ròu huǒ shāo), Donkey Burgers. Donkey meat is slow stewed with up to twenty ‘secret’ spices (according to the vendors) and served in a sort of bun, either round (Baoding style) or rectangular (Hefei style). They taste the same. Donkey Burger However, donkey meat (my favourite red meat), is used in many other ways. It is used in noodle dishes, stir-fries, stews, soups etc. Although undoubtedly having originated in Hebei, donkey restaurants can be found everywhere. There are at least ten here in Liuzhou. Donkey with Green Peppers Donkey Noodles Unsurprisingly, Hebei cuisine features a lot of fish and other seafoods. Despite being coastal, they seem to prefer freshwater fish but sea fish are easily found. Common examples include bream, Mandarin fish, eel, turtle, giant salamander, crab, shrimp, clams etc. Freshwater fish from 白洋淀 (bái yáng diàn), Baiyangdian Lake in central Hubei is especially valued for its fish and freshwater ‘seafood’. These are often steamed or simmered gently. Mandarin Fish Popular dishes include steamed bream (without soy sauce as used in most other parts of China), turtle with wax gourd, boiled fish with tangerine pulp. Steamed Bream This unusual pairing of ingredients which seem incompatible is a well-noted feature of Hebei cuisine. 海龟猪脊 (hǎi guī zhū jǐ), turtle with pig’s spine; 炒三丝 (chǎo sān sī) is slivers of pork tenderloin, chicken and pig’s stomach, and 龙凤婚 (lóng fèng hūn), dragon and phoenix marriage is a mixture of eels and chicken. 莲藕排骨汤 (lián ǒu pái gǔ tāng), pork rib and lotus root soup is believed to have originated in Hebei, but is now available everywhere in China, having been burdened with claims of its TCM ability to cure everything but naivety. Pork Ribs and Lotus Root Soup

Round here these are pea shoots. I've never heard of pea leaves.

Microplanes were originally just woodworking tools until some well-known chefs started using them on food.

Drink more whisky; save the planet! Edinburgh's Heriot-Watt university researchers have Full story here.

China has very little history of baking; few restaurants and even fewer homes have ovens. What breads there are, are usually steamed or dry fried. In my local bookshop all the baking/pastry books in Chinese are about western baking. Hong Kong is different due to the English influence, but even not so common there. The 'cake shops' here all sell over sweet western type goods without anything discernably Chinese except odd ingredients in some cakes. Birthday cakes are mostly ridiculous looking, over-decorated monstrosities and made with lard! Artificial cream, sugar and lard. I realise that doesn't help you, but may explain the lack of respomse to your question.

蒙菜 (méng cài) Inner Mongolia 内蒙古 (nèi měng gǔ) Cuisine China’s administrative system divides places into four main categories: Municipalities, Provinces, Special Administrative Regions, and Autonomous Regions. Wthin each there are many sub-categories. There are currently four municipalities. These are among the largest cities and are controlled directly by the central government. They are Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing and Tianjin. The question of how many provinces there are is complicated by Taiwan still officially being considered a ‘renegade’ province. When it is included, there are 23 provinces, otherwise 22. Hong Kong and Macao make up the two special administrative regions. Then we have the five autonomous regions. These have provincial status but because of their large populations of one particular ethnic minority or another. The have negligible real autonomy. I live not in Guangxi Province but in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The other four are Xinjiang Uighur, Ningxia Hui, Tibet Xizang and Inner Mongolia Mongol Autonomous Region, the second words in each indicating the relevant ethnic minority. Inner Mongolia is in central-north China bordering Mongolia, the independent country formerly known as Outer Mongolia. It also borders Russia and eight other Chinese provinces. The Great Wall, built to keep the Mongols out of China, partly runs by its southern border. It was never finished and didn't stop anyone. The capital is 呼和浩特 (hū hé hào tè), Hohhot, home to almost half the population. Famous for its grasslands (steppes), it can be a bleak place, especially in winter. Many Inner Mongolians are nomadic at least part of the year and there are five times more horses than people, but even the horses are outnumbered by sheep with around 30 sheep for every human. Good place for insomniacs, I suppose. With a population of around 25 million in an area of 1,177,500 km² / 454,600 square miles, it has one of the world’s lowest population density. The cuisine is very much determined by its Mongol traditions and geography and is mostly unlike anything you would normally consider Chinese. Wheat is the main grain, although buckwheat is also often used to make noodles. Rice can be bought in Hohhot, it is very much a minority interest. The main proteins are, of course, mutton but also, beef, goat, horse, camel, venison, chicken and ostrich These are usually roasted with spices, Mongolians’ most common cooking method. Historically they had very few vegetables, but in recent years, at least in cities, modern logistics do supply imported vegetables from other provinces. They also rely a lot of dairy products including milk, yoghurt and cheese. Inner Mongolian Cheese Koumiss, ayrag in Mongolian is fermented mare’s milk, a popular beverage. A common hot drink is an unusual salty milk tea made by cooking black tea then adding it and salt to milk and blending it well. Not my cup of tea! They also make milk wine, which I was offered but declined. One notable dish is 烤全羊 (kǎo quán yáng), Whole Roast Sheep. This festive dish is cooked using a three-year old sheep, stuffed with spices, then roasted on its back over coals or in an oven. When done it is flipped over and presented to be carved at the table. Guests are served in order of rank, status or age. Served at banquets, New Year dinners, and wedding receptions. I ate it in 2002 at a friend’s wedding in Hohhot. Whole Roast Sheep. 羊杂碎 (yáng zá suì), Lamb Offal Soup is a popular street food. The animal’s heart, liver, lungs, tripe, intestines, head meat, and hooves are all put into the pot and boiled. It is served with sides of coriander leaf / cilantro, chilli powder and salt to be added to the diner’s taste. Mutton Offal Soup 小肥羊 (xiǎo féi yáng) was an Inner Mongolian chain of restaurants all over China, then opened branches in first, Canada then the USA. In 2011, it was acquired by Yum! Foods Inc., owners of KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, etc. The word ‘fat’ was dropped from the English name for fear of scaring the fat-phobic, but the Chinese remains unaltered in the logo. It specialises in the most famous Mongolian dish outside of either Mongolia, 羊肉火锅 (yáng ròu huǒ guō), Lamb Hot Pot. Traditionally this is cooked in a special pot with a central funnel rising from the centre. This chimney contains the fuel. Ingredients are cooked by the diners in the broth in the pan around the funnel. Those are traditionally mutton, but today almost anything can be cooked quickly enough (one to two minutes) when sliced thinly enough. Traditional Mongolian Hotpot - image China Daily Little Sheep eschews the traditional pot and goes for the Sichuan style 阴阳(yīn yáng) style with a divided pot containing two broths, one side chilli hot and the other plain. The mutton is served in thinly sliced rolls. A wide range of vegetables of your choice are available. Despite the owners reputation, the food remains otherwise authentically Mongolian. Lamb Rolls 烧麦 (shāo mài) Shaomai are a popular staple in Hohhot. These are small steamed dumplings containing minced mutton and scallions with other flavourings. Originally a breakfast food, they are now served in diners at anytime and often made at home. Mongolian Shaomai As is usual in so many Asian countries, probably the best place to eat is in Hohhot’s many food streets or street food stalls which can be found all over the city.

鲜肉大馄饨 (xiān ròu dà hún tun), Fresh Pork Large Wontons in a broth with chilli. Not pretty but tasty.

I told you it wasn't fresh! 😉

Me too and what you said is the main reason.

When, in London I do enjoy a good oat stout, but no chance here. I can get imported canned Guinness on-line and that causes me no pain. If I want draft Guinness and I do, I have to go to Hong Kong which I also do. I drank that pint in a hotel in Scotland in 2018 and when I was finished I innocently remarked to the bartender, the daughter of the hotel owners, that it was a really nice pint glass. She told me to keep it. I carried it back over 6000 miles, cradling it in my hands. Still use it.

Just to add that there is a China Royal Cuisine Museum (中国皇家菜博物馆 - zhōng guó huáng jiā cài bó wù guǎn) in Beijing at 117 Xisihuanbei Road, Haidian District, Beijing. The museum covers an area of 3,250 m² and has over 1,000 items on display such as food vessels and historical records. There are interactive rooms and opportunities to taste the food. According to the museum's own publicity in Chinese: "The Royal Cuisine Museum is divided into a historical and cultural display of royal cuisine area, a tasting and experience of royal cuisine area, and a lively sightseeing area. The living sightseeing area is an innovative, modern central kitchen that is open and transparent, low-carbon and energy-saving and green and environmentally friendly. The entire kitchen is made of glass curtain walls, and each stove is equipped with a camera, so that the whole process of food processing and production in the kitchen can be seen, and sightseers and diners can watch the dishes in real time through video. In addition, the museum also has an information centre At the Royal Cuisine Museum you can learn about the food related anecdotes of the emperors of the past dynasties, allusions to famous dishes and celebrity chef stories." My translation. Address in Chinese: 北京市海淀区西四环北路117号 Opening Hours: 10:00-14:00 and 17:00-21:00 Tel: 010-88494069, 010-88495181, 010-88495185 No website.

北菜 (běi cài) – Beijing (北京 – běi jīng) Beijing Cuisine Having covered the whole eastern coast, I’m moving back north again, this time to the capital, Beijing, a city I have visited many times, but dislike more every time ago. I wasn’t looking forward to doing this, as I’m about to explain. As you’d expect, the capital has food from everywhere. Every cuisine in China (is that eight or eighty?) is represented – even China’s ethnic minorities’ cuisine can be found here, as well as food from pretty much all around the world. As with Shanghai cuisine, it is however difficult to identify anything which actually originated in Beijing. I read one internet site claiming to list the top twenty Beijing dishes – only one was maybe from Beijing. The others certainly weren’t. Available in Beijing yes, but so are tacos and pizza! Over the centuries, every area of China sent food – both ingredients and whole dishes, to the capital as tributes for the emperor of the day. However, the capital has changed many times on the whims of the emperors or political necessities of the times. Xi’an was the capital for longer than Beijing has been. Luoyang in Henan province, too. Hangzhou was capital in the Song dynasty. Nanjing had a turn, too from 1368 to 1421 CE. There have been others. Beijing settled as capital in the Ming dynasty (1368 to 1644), lost its place at times during the civil war in 1945 then was restored on October 1st 1949, when Mao declared the People’s Republic from the walls of the Forbidden City. Mao declaring the People's Republic of China, October 1949 Even Beijing’s most famous dish 北京烤鸭 (běi jīng kǎo yā) Beijing duck (Peking as some cloth-eared British diplomat heard it) doesn’t come from Beijing. It well documented by the emperor’s court as being from Nanjing in Jiangsu. As I’ve mentioned above, it was carried from there to Beijing when the emperor decided to move home. Beijing Duck I’m not suggesting that Beijing is not the best place to eat Beijing duck, merely that it didn’t originate there. It probably has the best, today. There are hundreds of places to avail yourself of your Beijing duck hit when in Beijing, but three favourites are: 全聚德 (quán jù dé), established in 1864 is the restaurant visited by the most world leaders and officals, with over 200 having eaten there. They have a branch in New York and another in Vancouver. The signage on their Beijing restaurants is written right to left as it was in the distant past 德聚全. Qianjude, Beijing 便宜坊烤鸭店 (biàn yí fāng kǎo yā diàn), Bianyifang Roast Duck Restaurant), still going after opening in 1416, in the Ming Dynasty, must be doing something right. Their recipe is more traditional than the others. Bianyifang Roast Duck Restaurant A newer arrival is the highly-rated 大董烤鸭店 (dà dǒng kǎo yā diàn), Dadong Roast Duck, established 1985. It sees more foreign visitors and expats than others, but the food is wonderful. All three have multiple branches in Beijing. They get very busy, so booking is wise; essential during Chinese public holidays.. Much of so-called Beijing cuisine comes from Shandong province. Definitely 煎饼 (jiān bǐng) originated in Shandong around 1,800 years ago. Beijing’s famous breakfast pancakes or crêpes with scallions sold on almost every street corner, These are made to order, in front of your eyes, with wheat flour, chilli paste, sweet bean sauce, fried wonton wrappers and scallions. Jianbing Something most visitors to Beijing notice and are intrigued by is the number of places selling 北京酸奶 (běi jīng suān nǎi), small jars of yoghurt sweetened with honey, sold in convenience stores or on street stalls. You buy these and are handed the jar and a drinking straw. Pierce through the wax paper lid to the jar and slurp away. The jars are not to be taken away; they must be returned for reuse. It seems to have originated in Inner Mongolia, where yoghurt is common. Beijing Yoghurt People can think all sorts of things, but again this undoubtedly comes from Shandong province. This is a dish of long, thick wheat noodles traditionally served cold, served with pork, and a selection of raw vegetables of the cook’s choice but usually including cucumber, carrot, daikon radish, bean sprouts etc. The dish is dressed with 黄豆酱 (huáng dòu jiàng), fermented yellow bean paste, a pungent, thick paste of yellow soy beans, wheat and salt. The vegetables are usually served unseasoned to balance the salty paste. Zha Jiang Mian Yellow Bean Paste - the one on the right is the most used.The other has added chilli, not such a popular taste in Northern China. On the streets you will see wandering vendors selling 糖葫芦 (táng hú lu), candied hawthorns on a stick. Despite Beijingers being sure it’s their idea, I can see no evidence that they originated there. Candied fruits are found worldwide. Candied Hawthorns on Sticks One of Beijing’s most iconic cuisines stands apart: 宫廷菜 (gōng tíng cài), Imperial cuisine. Also known as 御膳 (yù shàn), this is the food of the Qing emperors. Ingredients were sourced from across China, but especially Jiangsu and Shandong, the rarer and more expensive the better. Cooks were also imported from all over the country to work in the imperial kitchens. Hundreds of them. The Qing dynasty imperial kitchen employed a director, deputy and assistant directors, manager, executive manager, and clerks to handle the emperor’s daily meals. In total, more than 200 officials, cooks and eunuchs were employed. The kitchen would prepare meals for the emperor, his wives, his concubines (whoo were classified as second wives), and the rest of the imperial family. The emperor usually ate alone, but occasionally he might invite his wife or a concubine to keep him company, but no one but him was allowed to sit, except a dowager empress. A detailed record was kept of every meal he ate, including the recipes, the location of the meal (he would have it at which palace in the city took his whim) and the chef and cooks who were on duty. The latter was so they knew who to punish if anything went wrong. It was also to guard against assassination by poisoning. Eunuchs were required to taste every dish before the emperor could touch it. One breakfast is recorded as consisting of duck soup with Chinese yam; a wild herb salad with cold bean jelly; duck stewed with wine and cauliflower; stir-fried spinach with dried shrimp; steamed lotus root with glutinous rice; tofu with mushrooms; sliced chicken and duck cooked with soy sauce; bamboo knotted rolls; steamed buns stuffed with minced pumpkin and mutton; braised chicken with cowpea; pickles; round-grain rice and a bowl of plain boiled cowpeas. A typical dinner was chicken hot pot with bird’s nest and pine nuts; a second hot pot with chicken, smoked meats and Chinese cabbage; a third hot pot of shredded lamb stomach and shredded mutton; steamed chicken with fresh mushrooms; salt pork fried with fresh mushrooms; cold steamed chicken and mutton; cold steamed duck and deer’s tail; pork in thick gravy; steamed dumplings with minced chicken, salted pork and pickles; four small cold dishes, chicken soup with cooked rice, thick wild duck soup with Chinese yam and bird’s nest soup with spinal cord. Some of these dishes were also eaten by the great unwashed outside the palace, but inside they were elevated with more expensive ingredients and sophisticated techniques. Other dish were invented here by the senior chefs. A fuller history of Imperial cuisine is here and details of meals are here. The Forbidden City (紫禁城 - zǐ jìn chéng) is now open to visitors and has even been used for concerts. There was even a Starbucks inside for a short time but that was a stretch too far for most people and it was kicked out in 2007 soon after opening. Forbidden Starbucks - image thetowerinfo.com Now you can eat versions of imperial meals, not in the palace but in restaurants around Beijing and elsewhere. There is one here in Liuzhou, 2,980 km / 1,852 miles from Beijing. Most of these serve smaller versions though, with only around 10 courses. They still cost a pretty penny. I’ve never been.

Generally speaking, any fish that is "fishy smelling" is old and turning. Fresh fish should smell of the sea. While I've never cooked swordfish, I have eaten it.

青椒肉丝 (qīng jiāo ròu sī), Pork with green chilli peppers. It also has red peppers, garlic, Shaoxing and soy sauce.The green chillies are here served as a vegetable rather than a spice. Over rice. From Fujian province.

闽菜(mǐn cài) – Fujian (福建) Cuisine Staying in the east of China but moving to the south-easternmost corner we find Fujian Province. It borders the provinces of Zhejiang to the north, Guangdong to the south-east and Jiangxi to the west and faces Taiwan to the east across the Taiwan Straight to the east. The capital is 福州 (fú zhōu), Fuzhou on the coast along with 泉州 (quán zhōu), Quanzhou city to the south. Finally, we have the beautiful city of 厦门 (xià mén), Xiamen, formerly known as Amoy completing the trio of coastal cities. Moving inland we find a mountainous, wooded interior. This combination of mountain and sea helps define the province’s cuisine. The sea obviously providing seafood and the mountains bringing wild game, mushrooms and other wild plants to the table. The coastal area also means that Fujian has been an important maritime trading centre for centuries. This has exposed it to ‘exotic’ spices and other ingredients from India, Arabia etc. The abbreviated name for the province comes from it being known as the Kingdom of Minyue (閩越 - mǐn yuè) in c334-110 BCE. The Min language is spoken by around 80 million people, mainly in Fujian and in Taiwan but also around other provinces, as well as SE Asia. I’m told there is a Min-speaking community in New York City. The cuisine is noted for clear soups, light flavours, unusual ingredients and crisp fried food. The most celebrated but unusual Fujian dish is undoubtedly 佛跳墙 (fó tiào qiáng), Buddha Jumps the Wall, referring to the myth that it is so delicious even Buddhists would break their vows for a bite. At its most elevated this dish takes three days to make and has a minimum of thirty ingredients. These include abalone, king scallops, sea cucumber, fish maw, crabmeat, shark’s fin, shiitake, chicken, duck, tripe, pork tendons, poultry gizzards, pigeon eggs, bamboo shoots, Jinhua ham, ginseng, innumerable herbs etc. They are all cooked individually to perfection then assembled in a serving pot and finished with a rich chicken broth. Not something to rustle up on a school night. Obviously this is a dish meant to impress and attracts sky-high prices. Radically simplified versions are available but the cheapest I can find locally costs 75元 / $10.50 USD per serving. To put into perspective that’s about three times what I normally pay for a dish in a restaurant. The elevated version requires the host to have enough loot to cover my entire year’s dinner budget. President Xi has banned the dish being ordered at government banquets to reduce waste of public money and ostentatious stupidity. I’ve never had it nor ever will. Shark fin collection is cruel and sea cucumbers are disgusting. Buddha Jumps the Wall - Image news.ifeng.com At the other end of the scale is a dish I make often. 青椒肉丝 (qīng jiāo ròu sī) is a simple dish of pork slivers with fresh green chilli peppers. The meat is fried with garlic and ginger, the peppers added along with a splash of Shaoxing wine and a dash of soy sauce and that’s it. In a restaurant I would pay maybe 14元 / $2 USD and that would include rice. Pork with Green Chilli 酸辣烂鱿鱼 (suān là làn yóu yú), hot and sour squid is another personal favourite. 黄焖田鸡 (huáng mèn tián jī) are frogs boiled in wine and a popular Min dish, as is 鸡汤汆海蚌 (jī tāng cuān hǎi bàng ), sea clams cooked in chicken broth. Hot and Sour Squid Another unusual dish on the Fujian menu is 红糟鸡 (hóng zāo jī), chicken cooked in red rice wine. The wine is made with rice deliberately infected with a parasitic red yeast, monascus purpureus. This rice is also used to make red vinegar, which originated in Fujian, although now the neighbouring province of Zhejiang is the largest producer. Red Wine Chicken There are innumerable Fujian seafood dishes. With a local catch of hundreds of fish species, they aren’t short of choice. Fish are usually cooked simply to preserve their natural flavours. Steaming is the most common cooking method. Xiamen food is a delight (it’s the only part of Fujian I’ve visited). Favourites are 沙茶面 (shā chá miàn), roughly satay noodles. These mildly spicy wheat noodles in broth can be served with a selection of add-ons including shrimps, squid, pork belly meat, pork offal, mushrooms and bean sprouts. 虾面 (xiā miàn), shrimp noodles are also common. Satay Noodles If you are in Xiamen and of the Buddhist persuasion, don’t jump over the wall but head to 南普陀寺 (nán pǔ tuó sì), South Putou Temple, a large 1,000 year old Buddhist temple in the south west of Xiamen Island for some 素馅饼 (sù xiàn bǐng), vegetarian crêpes. The Temple is at 515 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 361005 and open from 3 am to 6 pm. Entry free. Meat crêpes are available all over the city for those who don’t suffer from vegetarianism. I could spend the next few months describing Fujian’s many dishes, but for now, I’ll just finish by mentioning that the province is the home of 铁观音茶 (tiě guān yīn), Tieguanyin tea, a prized type of 乌龙茶 (wū lóng chá), oolong tea. In fact Fujian has a number of renowned teas such as silver needle white tea, black lapsang souchong and more. Tieguanyin tea

Which is why I do it with no oil. It steams in its own juices (and perhaps a little residual water from washing it) preserving more of the flavour.

I would say the difference is 'time and oil/fat'. Wilted is heated (without oil) for the briefest of time, just until it becomes limp but still essentially uncooked. Sautéed spinach is cooked in oil beyond that. I much prefer the former as it tastes fresher to me.

东北 Cuisine – North-Eastern Cuisine Part Three – 辽菜 (liáo cài) - Liaoning (liáo níng) Cuisine Liaoning, literally meaning ‘far away and peaceful’, is to the south east of Jilin, also bordering Inner Mongolia to the north-west, Hebei to the south-west, North Korea to the south-east and Yellow Sea to the south. The capital is 沈阳 (shěn yáng), Shenyang, formerly known as Mukden. This is where the Japanese invasion of China started in 1931. In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it served as the Imperial pantry, with many of its rarer and more luxurious ingredients shipped to Beijing for the court’s meals, but was far enough away from Beijing for the times (the high speed rail hadn’t quite started yet) to be peaceful, away from the court intrigues, hence the name. Maybe. The province shares many of the features of the rest of the north-east, but also that of Beijing cuisine, the influences being two way, so 御膳 (yù shàn) or 宫廷菜 (gōng tíng cài), Imperial cuisine impacted the local use of the ingredients it was sending the emperor. I’ll say more about Imperial cuisine when we get to Beijing. Also Liaoning’s fertile, mixed terrain of mountains, seas, forests, lakes, grass and sand allow for a wider than normal range of products to be grown or foraged. The North-East region is famous for 饺子 (jiǎo zi), the dumplings known today all over China and the rest of the world. Whether the jiaozi are boiled to make (水饺 - shuǐ jiǎo), steamed to make (蒸饺 - zhēng jiǎo) or fried to nake (锅贴 - guō tiē or 煎饺 - jiān jiǎo), these are a huge part of Chinese culture with whole groups of friends or whole families gathering together before major holidays to prepare them. Chinese New Year is unthinkable without them. Boiled Jiaozi Many people consider 老边区 (lǎo biān qū), Laobian disrtrict in 营口市 (yíng kǒu shì) Yingkou city on Liaoning southern coast to be the best. Types include 三鲜饺子 (sān xiān jiǎo zi), or three delicacy jiaozi (filling being leek, fresh pork and dried small shrimps); 茴香鲜肉饺子 (huí xiāng xiān ròu jiǎo zi), pork and fennel jiaozi; and 西葫芦鲜肉饺子 (xī hú lu xiān ròu jiǎo zi) , pork and zucchini jiaozi. There are of course many other fillings available across China. I’ve even eaten ice cream jiaozi in Beijing! I must here mention 海肠水饺 (hǎi cháng shuǐ jiǎo). Chinese penis fish jiaozi! These are Urechis unicinctus and are only found off the southern coast of Liaoning in the Bohai Gulf, as well as Korea and Japan, so relatively rare. The similar-looking American Urechis caupo found in America’s west coast is a different species. Besides being used as a jiaozi filling, they can be stir-fried with vegetables. They can also be dried and ground for use as an MSG substitute as they also enhance umami. Stir fried penis fish - image baike.so.com 蛋饺 (dàn jiǎo), egg jiaozi are popular here, too. The jiaozi are not filled with egg. Instead the wrapper is. Like a mini omelette. Egg Jiaozi A famous patriotic general 张学良 (zhāng xué liáng), Zhang Xueliang, a famous general, son of a warlord, but later served in the army under both the Nationalist leader, 蒋介石 (jiǎng jiè shí) or, as he is known in the west, Chiang Kai-shek and then under Communist leader, Mao, spoke highly of four Liaoning dishes, namely 小炒猪腰 (xiǎo chǎo zhū yāo) stir-fried kidney, 小炒猪肝 (xiǎo chǎo zhū gān), stir-fried liver, 炸肉丸 (zhá ròu wán) fried meatballs and 小炒百合 (xiǎo chǎo bǎi hé) stir-fried day lilies. Day Lily Flowers Some more unusual Liaoning dishes are 白肉血肠 (bái ròu xuè cháng), boiled pork with blood sausage; 熊掌 (xióng zhǎng), bear paw with dried shrimp and rape (today it doesn’t usually include actual bear paw, which would be illegal, although there is a black market); 炖驼鹿鼻子 (dùn tuó lù bí zi) stewed moose nose; and 鸟巢 (niǎo cháo) bird’s nest. 腊八蒜 (là bā suàn), Laba garlic which is an alarmingly green pickled garlic. Sea food is, of course available, especially by the southern coast. Shrimps, oysters, clams, crab, sea cucumber and sadly, shark fin are all available as well as as wide range of fish, including 虹鳟 (hóng zūn), rainbow trout which is not so common around China. Rainbow Trout Where to next?